Diet-heart: a problematic revisit.

1) In univariate analyses of population-based observational data, are there direct relations of dietary SFAs to CHD? 2) In multivariate analyses controlled for possible confounders, are there independent direct relations of dietary SFAs to CHD? 3) Is the SFA-CHD relation similar for ‘‘hard’’ fatal CHD and ‘‘soft’’ total CHD? 4) Do limitations in quality of dietary data in epidemiologic studies on SFA-CHD influence results? 5) What are the findings from randomized controlled trials on SFA-CHD? 6) Is the SFA-CHD relation mainly attributable to adverse SFA influence on serum cholesterol (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol)? 7) What about possible effects of dietary cholesterol? 8) With lower dietary SFA, which macronutrients are preferable to replace SFA? 9) Are dietary influences on serum lipoprotein particles clear or relevant? Do particle measurements enhance CHD risk assessment independent of serum lipids? 10) Do dietary SFAs or other macronutrients influence metabolic traits other than LDL cholesterol, particularly HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, independent of caloric balance (obesity)? Do these traits predict CHD risk independently of established major metabolic risk factors such as adverse total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), body mass, and hyperglycemia/diabetes? 11) Do these dietary traits influence BP? 12) On the basis of all of the evidence, what are optimal dietary recommendations to reduce CHD risk?